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Table of Contents 2 (English)
Metamorphosis of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara
Essay of Buddhist Mythology, 2Table of Contents
The Journey Still Continues... 5
Part I Mythical Field of Skanda/Gaṇeśa 7
I Births of Brother Deities 9
1 Myths of the Birth of Gaṇeśa: Impurity and Fecundity 11
2 Myths of the Birth of Skanda: Deliverance and Battle 19
3 Contrasts between Gaṇeśa and Skanda 24
II Mythical Space of Weituo-tian/Ida-ten, the Protecting God of Dharma 33
1 Enigma of the transliteration “Weituo”; Weituo-tian and the General Wei 35
2 Myth of the Running Ida-ten 45
3 Myth of Ida-ten and Hindu Myth of Skanda 49
4 Weituo-tian and Maitreya with Potbelly as Gate-keeper Gods of Buddhist Temples 56
5 Myth of Weituo-tian and Miji-jingang (Vajra Guhyakâdhipati); Gate-building of Buddhist temples as Eschatological Space 60
6 Mythical Position of Miji-jingang 64
7 The Vietnamese “Dual Weituo-tian” and Japanese Dual Vaiśravaṇa 68
III Weituo-tian/Ida-ten and the Flying Begging Bowl 79
1 Weituo-tian and the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara 81
2 Weituo-tian, Miracle of the Flying Bowl, and the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara with a Thousand Arms and a Thousand Eyes: A Chinese Legend of the Modern Period 83
3 Legends of the Flying Bowl 86
A Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī and the Bowl; Mañjuśrī and Piṇḍola 86
B Flying Bowl as Magic and the Legend of Jietai-si 90
4 Empress and Prelate; the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara with a Thousand Arms and a Thousand Eyes as a Deity of Love Affair 100
5 Opposition of Pure and Impure in the Legend of Jietai-si, and its Surpassing 103
6 Continence, Transcendentalism, Meta-transcendentalism; Around the Tibetan Myth of the Subjugation of Rudra 105
IV From Weituo-tian to the Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī: Deities of the Kitchen and Refectory 115
1 Master of Vinaya Daoxuan and Weituo-tian in the Temple Kitchen 117
2 Mahākāla/Daikoku and Skanda/Weituo-tian as Deities of the Temple Kitchen 121
3 Another “Saint Monk”: Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī as Deity of the Temple Refectory 123
4 Mañjuśrī with a Thousand Arms and a Thousand Bowls, Avalokiteśvara with a Thousand Arms and a Thousand Eyes, and Weituo-tian 126
5 Mañjuśrī and Skanda/Weituo-tian 128
6 Mañjuśrī and the Gandharva Pañcaśikha with the beautiful voice 134
7 Mañjuśrī as God of Love 138
8 Pañcaśikha, Mañjuśrī, Pāñcika; Pāñcika, Guhyakâdhipati Vajrapāṇi and Skanda/Weituo-tian 142
V Rapture of the Elephant-headed God: Origins of the God of Rapture (Huanxi-tian) and his Relation to Avalokiteśvara and Amṛta-Kuṇḍalin 153
1 The Name “God Great Saint of Rapture” 171
A “God of Rapture” 155
B Gods Named “Great Saints” 159
2 Specificity of the Cult of Dual Vināyaka 171
3 Sources of the Cult of Vināyaka: Analyze of Eleven Sūtras and Rituals 172
4 Comments on the Basic Sources 188
A Narrative of the Dasheng-huanxi-tian nianson gongyang-fa 188
B Doctrinal and Philosophical Exegesis of Hanguang 190
5 Mythical Background of Amṛta-Kuṇḍalin 196
6 Amṛta-Kuṇḍalin/Vighnāntaka in the Later Esoterism 203
7 Offering of the Best Part of the Meal: a Common Element in the Cult of Vināyaka and Amṛta-Kuṇḍalin 210
8 Narrative of Adultery between Vināyaka and Avalokiteśvara: A Love Triangle between Vināyaka, Avalokitśvara and Amṛta-Kuṇḍalin 213
9 A Variant of the Etiological Myth of Dual Vināyaka: A Missing Piece of the Chishō-zakki and Possible Original Form of the Narrative 216
10 Myth of the Subjugation/Pacification of Vināyaka by Avalokiteśvara with Eleven Heads: Dramatization of the Narrative of the Dasheng-huanxi-tian nianson gongyang-fa 218
Part II “I Will Manifest a Female Body...”: On the Feminization of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara 231
VI Lust and Saintliness of the Empress Kōmyō 233
1 Empress Kōmyō and the Monk Jicchū 235
2 Empress Kōmyō and the Leprous of the Bathroom 241
3 Empress Kōmyō and Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara 248
VII Avalokiteśvara of Light; Tempting Bodhisattvas: Preliminary Examination on the Problem of Feminization of Avalokiteśvara 257
1 Overview of the Beliefs on Avalokiteśvara in Ancient India 259
2 The Distinction of Sex in Bodhisattvas 272
A From the Small Vehicle to the Great Vehicle 272
B Temptation by Sex as a Skillful Means 278
3 Avalokiteśvara and the Femininity 291
A Female Bodies in the Thirty-three Metamorphosis of Avalokiteśvara 291
B Avalokiteśvara and the Lotus as Symbol of Generation 293
VIII Birth of Avalokiteśvara as Compassionate Mother: From the Mother of the Lotus Clan to Avalokiteśvara Giver of Baby/Avalokiteśvara of Easy Delivery 305
1 Avalokiteśvara Giver of Baby and the Great Person of White Dress (Baiyi-dashi) 307
2 Background of the Formation of the Cult of the Great Person of White Dress 310
3 Chinese Beliefs of Female Avalokiteśvara 319
4 Japanese Beliefs of Avalokiteśvara of Easy Delivery 321
IX Avalokiteśvara and Śiva 329
1 Vināyaka/Huanxi-tian and Avalokiteśvara with a Thousand Arms and a Thousand Eyes 331
2 Relationship between Avalokiteśvara and the Śaiva Mythical Field 334
3 Facets of Transformational Forms of Avalokiteśvara: From the Point of View of their Relation with Śaiva Mythology 343
A Nīlakaṇṭha Avalokiteśvara 343
B Maiden Jāṅgulī 345
C Bodhisattva Gaurī 347
D On the Bukongjuansuo-shenbian-zhenyan-jing (Amoghapāśa kalparāja) 351
4 Intermezzo: Mythical Representations and Ambivalence; Avalokiteśvara and the “Problematization” of Sexuality 352
X Two Chinese Legends: Legend of Miaoshan and Legend of the Wife of Mr. Ma 363
1 Multiple Facets of the Legend of Miaoshan 366
A Legend of Miaoshan in its Classical Form 366
B Association of Ideas from the Legend of Miaoshan: Legend of the Nun Utpalavarṇā; Legend of the Bodhisattva Prince Maheśvara; Two Stories from the Yijian-zhi; Narrative of Kogawa-dera; Legend of the Princess Chūjō 372
2 Multiple Facets of the Legend of the Wife of Mr. Ma/Legend of Avalokiteśvara with Fish Basket 389
A Legend of the Wife of Mr. Ma/Legend of Avalokiteśvara with Fish Basket in their Classical Form 390
B Legend of the Wife of Mr. Ma/Legend of Avalokiteśvara with Fish Basket in Chan Pictures 392
C Original Form of the Legend of the Wife of Mr. Ma/Legend of Avalokiteśvara with Fish Basket: Narrative of the Woman of Yanzhou 395
D Developments in Later Periods: Avalokiteśvara with Fish Basket as Subjugator of Magical Fish 399
XI Quest Starting from the Legend of Miaoshan: Eros and Thanatos of Gods with Many Eyes 413
1 Various Facets of Avalokiteśvara with a Thousand Arms and a Thousand Eyes 415
A Avalokiteśvara with a Thousand Arms and a Thousand Eyes and Avalokiteśvara with Eleven Heads 415
B Beliefs of Avalokiteśvara with a Thousand Arms and a Thousand Eyes at the Tang and Song Periods in China 423
2 Gods with Multiple Arms and Multiple Eyes in the Hindu World 430
A Puruṣa as Cosmic Primordial Man 430
B Gods with Multiple Eyes and Eros 435
C Variation of Gods with Multiple Eyes 441
3 Multiple Facets of the Bodhisattva Tārā 449
A Bodhisattva Tārā in China and Tibet 449
B Goddess Tārā in the Hindu World 454
XII Quest Starting from the Legend of the Wife of Mr. Ma: Fish, Horse and the Flame of the End of Kalpa 469
1 Symbol of the Bodhisattva of Chain of Bones (suogu-pusa) 471
2 Magic Fish Stealing Esoteric Teaching 474
3 Narrative of Matsyendranātha, King of Fishes 478
4 Births from Fishes 484
5 Aquatic Monster and Fiery Horse; Myth of the Mare’s Mouth of the End of Kalpa 489
6 Horse-Headed Avalokiteśvara (Hayagrīva), the Fiery Bodhisattva 497
7 “Horse and Femininity” in Various Myths of Eurasia 503
8 Death, Destruction, Violence and the Horse; Various Facets of the Sacrifice of Horse 509
9 Etiological Myths of the Horse and the Silkworm 515
10 Myth of the Bodhisattva Maming (“Aśvaghoṣa”, “Neighing Horse”) 522
11 Another Intermezzo: Cult of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara of Female Body in Relation to the Believers 532
XIII Way to the Feminization of Avalokiteśvara 551
1 Process in China 554
A First Period in the Process of Feminization of Avalokiteśvara 554
B Cases after the Song Period; Dual Bright Bodhisattva as God of Sexual Union; Cases of Feminized Avalokiteśvara in Korea 556
2 Process in Japan 563
A Feminization of Avalokiteśvara in Japan: From the Ninth to Thirteen Century 563
B Ritual of Love with Avalokiteśvara with a Thousand Arms and a Thousand Eyes 568
C Avalokiteśvara with a Wish-fulfilling Wheel (Nyoirin-Kannon) and Femininity 571
D Avalokiteśvara with a Wish-fulfilling Wheel and the Symbol of Maiden of Jade 577
E Avalokiteśvara with a Wish-fulfilling Wheel, Maiden of Jade, Ḍākinī and Kingship Myth 587
F Avalokiteśvara with a Wish-fulfilling Wheel as Goddess of Love 591
G World of Sacred Places of Avalokiteśvara: Mountains, Rocks and Waterfalls 594
XIV Return Again to India and Central Asia: “Seeds” of Femininity in the Figure of Avalokiteśvara? 605
1 Theory of Original Female Avalokiteśvara 607
2 Enigma of a Goddess Names “Miqra” 615
A Miqra and Goddesses of Ancient Iran and Orient 616
B Goddesses of Fecundity; Miqra and Sūrya 619
C Semitic Goddesses and Miqra 627
D Origin of Avalokiteśvara and “Seeds” of Femininity? 631
3 Possibilities of a “Maitreya of Female Body” 636
A Formation of the Mythical Figure of Maitreya 636
B Feminine Representations of Maitreya’s Iconography 640
C Sūtra of Maitreya in Female Body 642
D Empress Wu as Female Maitreya: Maitreyan Millenarium and Maitreya’s Parousia as Empress 645
E The Buddha Maiteya with a Potbelly: Budai-heshang’s Potbelly and the “Womb of the World” 664
XV Epilogue: Bag of Budai, Bag of Daikoku; Theft and Ebisu 677
1 Budai-heshang and Maitreya 679
A Budai and Piṇḍola; Maitreya and Arhat/Old Monk 680
B Legend of Monk Qixie (Budai-heshang) 686
C “Fool-Monks” Worshipper of Maitreya in China and in Japan 693
2 Budai-heshang and Daikoku as a God of Fortune 697
A “Fool-Gods of Fortune”: Daikoku and Budai/Hotei 697
B Daikoku and “Carrier of Bag” (fukuro-mochi) and “Big Bags” (ōbukuro) 705
3 Daikoku and Theft 710
A Basic Sources of the Fourteenth Century 710
B Theft of Statues of Daikoku 719
C Daikoku and the “Indirect Theft” 722
D Cult of Mahākāla in China and the “Indirect Theft” 728
E “Running Daikoku” (hashiri Daikoku) of Chūzen-ji in Nikkō and the Big Rat Stealing the Law 734
F Daikoku and Ebisu Getting Rid of Robbers: Beliefs in God of Fortune as Represented in the Narrative Danse of Daikoku 736
4 Ebisu as a “God of Fishes”? 746
A Meaning of Double Cult of Daikoku and Ebisu 746
B Gate-keeping Deities: Daikoku and Ebisu; Daikoku and Kishimo-jin 755
Postface 764
List of Illustration Sources lxx
Indices Names of Persons i/Geographical Names vii/Sources from Taishō Canon xiii/Sources Other than Taishō Canon xviii/Bibliography xxiii/Names of Divinities xxxvi/Mythical Motifs liii
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