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Table of Contents 1 (English)
Variations on the Theme of Mahākāla:
Essay of Buddhist Mythology, 1
Table of Contents
Prologue 3
Part I 26
Methodological Introduction 26
1 Possibility of the Studies of Buddhist Mythology 27
2 Structuralist Revolution in the Methodology of Mythological Studies 28
3 Beginning of the Studies of Buddhist Mythology 30
4 Methodology of the Studies of Buddhist Mythology 33
5 Dieties as "Functions of Thought" 41
6 Characteristics of the Mythical Thought 44
7 Aims of the Mythological Studies 55
8 "Intelectual Bricolage"; about our Quotations 59
Part II 67
I Enigma of the Cult of Mahākāla/Daikoku 68
1 Meaning of the name "Daikoku" 76
2 Mahākāla in Hinduism 77
3 Mythology of Śiva and Kālī: an Overview 80
4 Mahākāla in Buddhism: First Clues 85
5 Three Basic Texts 87
A A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India (Nanhai jigui neifa-chuan) by Yijing 88
B Commentary on the Mahāvairocana-sūtra by Yixing 91
C Commentary on the Sūtra of the Human King by Liangbi 94
II The Ogress and Mahākāla 101
1 Mahākāla and Hārītī 104
2 Myth of the Mather of Demons Hārītī 106
3 Relationship between Mahākāla and Hārītī in Tantric Texts 113
4 The Ogreee ḍākinī 122
5 The Ogress Kālī in the Pāli Literature 127
6 Hārītī and Kālī/Pāñcika and Mahākāla 129
III Legend of the Slayer of a Thousand Men and Ritual of Death and Rebirth 137
1 Mahākāla in the Commentary on the Sūtra of the Human King and the Legend of the King Kalmāṣapāda 139
2 Legend of the King Kalmāṣapāda in the Sūtra of Wise and Fool 141
3 Japanese Legends of the Slayer of a Tousand Men 148
4 Legend of the Subjugation of Aṅglimāla 151
5 Legend of the Subjugation of Aṅglimāla and Legend of the King Kalmāṣapāda 155
6 Change of Mind of the Prince Pure (Legend of jus primae noctis 1) 157
7 Previous Life of the Demon of Wilderness (Legend of jus primae noctis 2) 159
8 Legend of the Subjugation of the Demon of Wilderness in the Pāli Literature 163
9 Buddhist Cult in Ancient India and the Initiation Rite of Death and Rebirth 164
IV Buddha’s Strange Disciples 173
1 The Elder named “Mahākāla” 175
A Story in the Theragāthā 175
B Story in the Vinaya literature 177
2 Buddhism of the Graveyard; Religion of the Graveyard 182
3 A Lay Devotee named “Mahākāla” and his Previous Life 190
4 Abnormal Obesity/Abnormal Haggardness 193
5 The Hungry/Gluton Disciple of the Buddha: the Venerable Piṇḍola 197
6 The Buddha’s Disciple Gavāṃpati: a Deity of Ox 206
7 The Hungry and/or Ugly Buddha’s Disciple 209
8 Combinaroty of Mythical Motifs 212
V God of Impurity, God of Flame 219
1 In the Quest of the “Yakṣas of Great Strength” 221
2 Ucchuṣma-Jambhala 224
3 God of Impurity and of Fire 227
4 From a Man of Much Lust to a God of Subjugation 230
5 Ucchuṣnma and Cooking 233
6 Ucchuṣma as Protecting Deity of Childbirth 236
7 Ucchuṣma and Vajrakumāra (Jingang-tonger) 239
8 Children-eater Gods 241
A Skanda 241
B Goddess Yamunā 244
9 “All-Eating Flame”: the King of Wisdom Vajrayakṣa 248
VI Indian Religious Thought and Buddhist Mythology 261
1 Hindu World: a Religious Society 263
2 Fundamental Elements of Indian Religious Thought 269
A Order by Sacrifice 269
B Inside and Outside of the “Dharma System”; World of Ascetics 273
C Religion of bhakti (loving faith) 277
3 Eating as Sacrifice; Leftover of Sacrifice and Meal 280
4 Cremation as Sacrifice 286
5 “Beyond the Pure and the Impure”: Symbols of Śaiva Mythology 287
VII The Wrathful Iconography of Mahākāla in Japanese Tantrism and the Myth of the Blind Asura Andhaka 297
1 Four Iconographical Types of Japanese Mahākāla (Daikoku-ten) 300
2 Mahākāla in Wrathful Form: Origin of iconography 305
3 Myth of Subjugation of the Asura Andhaka; Indian Iconography of Mahākāla 312
4 Iconography of Subjugation of the Asura Andhaka 319
5 Problem of the Elephant Skin 323
6 Motif of the Black Goat 328
7 Mahākāla in Wrathful Form in Paris 330
VIII What is the Bag of the “Color of Mouse”? (The Bag of Mahākāla 1) 337
1 Mahākāla and the Mouse; Mahākāla and the Straw Ricebag 340
2 Mahākāla and the Mouse: Opinions of the Scholars of Edo Period 343
3 Iconography of Mahākāla in the Apocryphal Daikoku-tenjin-hō (Ritual of Daikoku) 346
4 Author of the Daikoku-tenjin-hō 348
5 Different Versions and Sources of the Daikoku-tenjin-hō 349
6 Mahākāla and the Goddess of the Earth; Vaiśravaṇa, the Goddess of the Earth and the Mouse 354
7 Tobatsu Bishamon, Protector God of the State; Tobatsu Bishamon of the Temple Tōji 359
8 Tobatsu Bishamon and the Mouse 361
A Myth of the Military Exploit of Vaiśravaṇa in Tang China 361
B Iconography in Central Asia 363
9 Tobatsu Bishamon and the Attendent Holding a Bag 364
10 Kubera Myths Cycle in India 366
11 Kubera-Jambhala and the Mongoose; What is the “Mouse-Bag” 370
12 Kubera’s Bag/Mahākāla’s Bag 373
IX Myth and Iconography of Tobatsu Bishamon 391
1 Different Iconographical Types of Japanese Mahākāla/Daikoku and Iconography of Tobatsu Bishamon 393
2 Textual Sources on Tobatsu Bishamon 394
A Sources on the Earth Goddess under the Feet of Tobatsu Bishamon 394
B Textual Critique of Sources of the so-called “Zōmitsu” (“Mixed Esoterism”) 397
C Vaiśravaṇa in the Suvarṇa-prabhāsa Sūtra and his Relationship with Other Gods of Fortune 400
D Origin of the Legend of King of Gods of Rampart; Myth of Vaiśravaṇa of Khatan 406
E Vaiśravaṇa, Mouse Deity and Earth Goddess in Khotan 409
3 Khotan and the Cult of Vaiśravaṇa 412
4 Iconographical Sources of Tobatsu Bishamon 414
A Iconographical Characteristics and History of known statues 414
B Tobatsu Bishamon and the Earth Goddess in Iconographical Documents 419
C Tobatsu Bishamon and the Winged Crown; Theme of Theft 425
D Halo of Flame; Idea of Kingship in Ancient Iran 430
5 “Before the Birth” of Tobatsu Bishamon: Toward the World of Kuṣāṇa in the North-West India 435
X Metamorphosis of Kubera 443
1 From Khotan to the “Entry” of India, Gandhāra 446
2 Kubera in Hinduism 448
A Kubera and Gaṇeśa/Kubera and Skanda 448
B Kubera and Śiva 451
C Kubera and Indra (the Kingship) 453
3 Tobatsu Bishamon as “Skandalization” of “Gaṇeśaesque Kubera” 456
4 Kubera in Buddhism; the Four King-deva as Metaphor of the Wheel Turning King 458
5 Two Kinds of Kubera in the Suvarṇa-prabhāsa Sūtra: as a Protecting God of the Wheel Turning King, and as a God of Fortune 463
6 Kubera and Jambhala: their Iconography 465
7 Pāñcika and Hārītī as Tuteraly Gods of Gandhāra 467
8 Statues of the Pair Pharro and Ardoksho: “Iranian Pāñcika and Hārītī” 470
9 The Pair Pharro and Ardoksho in the Context of Indo-Iranian Syncretism 473
10 The Syncretic “Pāñcika-Pharro” and Vaiśravaṇa of Central and Eastern Asia; the Birth of Tobatsu Bishamon 475
11 Indo-Iranian Syncretism and “Kuberaic Mahākāla” 481
12 “Kuberaic Mahākāla” and Śiva; Metamorphosis of Śiva, Metamorphosis of the Earth Goddess 483
13 Śaiva Cult in North-Western India 486
14 Two Periods of the Flow of Buddhism into Eastern Asia 492
XI Potbelly of Gaṇeśa (The Bag of Mahākāla 2) 503
1 Acculturation in North-Western India; East-West Interchange of Mythical Representations 505
2 The Big Bag of the “Japanese Type” of Mahākāla (Daikoku) 508
A Typology of Deities Holding Big Bag 508
B Opinions of Scholars from the Early Modern Period, and their Limitations 511
C The Elephant-Skin in the Back of Wrathful Form of Mahākāla 514
3 “Elephant and Mouse”; Myth of Gaṇeśa and his Mouse 516
4 Development of the Cult of Elephant God(s) in India 521
5 Gaṇeśa and Mahākāla/Gaṇeśa (Shōten) and his Purse 527
6 The Contents of Mahākāla (Daikoku)’s Bag; Bag of Mahākāla (Daikoku), Bag of Budai, and Potbelly of Gaṇeśa 528
7 The Context of Gaṇeśa in Buddhist Mythology (Preliminary Observations) 531
8 The Radish in the Cult of Shōten (Gaṇeśa) and Daikoku 534
9 “Bath of Oil” in the Cult of Shōten (Gaṇeśa), Daikoku and Double-bodied Vaiśravaṇa 537
XII Deities of Three Faces and One Body: Strange Gods of Fortune 545
1 Mahākāla (Daikoku) Identified to the Bright Divinity of Miwa, Protector God of Hieizan: History of this Identification. From an Ambivalent Medieval Deity to the God of Fortune in Early Modern Times 549
2 Legends of Inari, Protector of Tōji 564
3 The True Colors of the “Odd Deity Matara” 567
4 Matara-jin and the Legend of the Cannibal Vināyaka 586
5 “Tri-une Deities”: their Variations 593
A Aizen-myōō (King of Brightness Love) and Matara-jin 593
B Variations of Mahākāla with Three Faces (Sanmen-Daikoku) 605
C Sarasvatī (Benzai-ten) and Mahākāla (Daikoku-ten) 611
6 “Multi-une Deities” 613
7 From Japan to Central Asia, and to India: Toward the Origins of “Tri-une Deities” 616
XII-A Supplement: On the “Strangeness” of Japanese Medieval Tantrism 637
— A Halt in the Journey — 651
List of Illustration Sources xxxix
Indices Names of Persons i/Geographical Names iv/Sources from Taishō Canon viii/Sources Other than Taishō Canon xi/
Bibliography xiii/Names of Divinities xxiv/Mythical Motifs xxxi
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