NO1 Repay Grudge With Virtue

In August,1985,Japan received the Potsdam Declaration and surrendered to the Allied nations. It is common worldly that when war ends, victorious nation claim defeated nation the compensation.Actually,when the Pacific war ends, Soviet Union forcefully had taken 2 million Japanese soldiers stationed in Manchuria to Siberia and had detained them until 1956.
Moreover, Soviet Union had taken South Sakhalin,Chishima Islands,and Northern Territories.
Many Japanese soldiers were executed by the Allies as B class or C class war criminals in the Southeast Asia.
On the other hand, China,one of victorious nations against Japan, had not demanded any compensation at all in spite of 8 year's horrible war between Japan and China.
When the Pacific war ends, Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allies,Chiang Kai-sek of Guomindang had all Japanese soldiers return home without disarming them, on basis of the philosophy of "Repay Grudge With Virtue".
At that time, many Japanese soldiers occupied the transportation facilities such as ferries on the Yangzi River and trains.
Therefore,the transportation in China was paralyzed completely and economic crisis was brought on. The reason why China demanded any compensation to Japan has been one of the enigmas in the world.
Some of the reasons why China claimed any compensation may have been lain under the long interchange between Japan and China and the facts that some Japanese men supported the Chinese Revolution of 1911 and that Chinese political leaders had studied in Japan in their young ages.

NO２　Interchange between Japan and China

The outline of the history of interchange between China and Japan goes as follows. Many Japanese monks and students went to China for study in the time of Tong dynasty and Sui dynasty in China. In the time of Ming dynasty,Zhu Shunshui,expatriate Chinese scohlar, came to Japan and was accorded a courteous welcome by vice-Shogun Tokugawa Mitukuni,gave lectures to many students of Mito domain(present Ibaraki prefecture),and laid a foundation of Mito School.Mito School provided a philosophical background of overthrowing Tokugawa Shogunate and finally brought about Meiji Restoration actually.
Tokugawa Yoshinobu,the last Shogun of Edo Shogunate, came from Mito domain and had been greatly influenced by Moto School.On the basis of thoughts of Mito School, he was given an extreme instruction that even Shogun had to be loyal to the order of Emperor.

Engetukyo Bridge designed by Zhu Shunshui in Korakuen,Tokyo
　In the last battle between Tokugawa forces and Revolutionary forces, as soon as Tokugawa Yoshinobu noticed the revolutionary forces holding a flag of Emperor(including a design of chrysanthemum).He fled abandoning his forces in the fear of being rebellious against Emperor.Revolutionary forces long before defeated Tokugawa forces and established the new Government in 1867. The new government named Meiji Government positively introduced Western civilization, created modernized nation,and consequently Japan emerged as a new power of Asia in a suprisingly short time.
On the other hand,in China there is Sino centrism on the basis of Confucianism,and China was inclined to exclude the Western civilization on which as their philosophy the saint should not depend. However,movement for modernization rose,Sino centrism changed delicately,and new atmosphere of learning from Japan became strong which had earlier introduced the Western civilization and suceeded in modernization.
In 1896,the next year of the end of Sino-Japanese War,13 students came to Japan for study from the Qing. They are the first Chinese students by government expense who passed test and was selected.Chinese envoy to Japan ask Saionji Kinmochi,the foreign minister,to receive them, and Saionji Kinmochi entrusted Kanou Jigorou, a principle of Tokyo Normal High School,with treating them.As a result, Kanou Jigorou started to give special lessons to the 13 Chinese students, and after that the number of students form China to Japan had increased remarkably to reach to the number of more than 8000 in 1906 at its apex.

NO3 Experience of Chinese Leaders in Japan

China had been a country to which Japan had dispatched many students for study. Many Japanese monks and students had gone over the sea to China since the time of an embassy to Sui or Tang dynasty. In the modern times, China reversely had dispatched many students for learning the way of Meiji Restoration in Japan and among them there were many students who later became a leader of China.

Sun Yat-sen came to Japan in 1887,and started to organize the Revive China Society. In 1905,Sun organized the revolutionary United League, the most biggest foothold of Chinese Revolution in 1911,the forerunner of the Guomindang (National party)in Tokyo with the help of his close friend Miyazaki Toten and other men.

Chiang Kai-shek came to Japan in 1907 and as a probationary army officer belonged to the 13th field artillery corps in Niigata,Japan. He was trained in Japanese army and returned to China in 1911. He was posted a superintendent of the Whampoa Military Academy founded by Sun Yat-sen and gradually became influential in the Guomidang and finally took the post of a head of Guomidang.

Lu Xun came to Japan in 1902,and returned to Japan in 1909. At Sendai Medical College in Japan,he went through a crucial experience to convert his idea.He decided to enlighten the Chinese people dozen midst Sino centrism not by the power of medicine but by the one of literature,and returned to China with such a determination.

Wang Ching-wei became an enthusiastic disciple of Sun Yat-sen while he was a student at Hosei University in Japan,and had made efforts to organize the revolutionary society in Tokyo. He created a bulletin by using his literary talent and rallied Chinese students studying in Japan for a revolution.
He had parted from Ching Kai-shek in the Guomidang government and searched for the way of creating a peace between Japan and China but was wounded seriouly by an assassin and died at Nagoya University in Japan.

Wang Zhao-Ming came to Japan for study in 1917 and learned modernization of Japan,and returned to China in 1919. In 1920 ,he went to France and was awaken by the thoughts of communism, and parted from Ching Kai-shek. He had kept contact with Miyzaki Ryuusuke,son of Miyazaki Toten who was a close friend of Sun Yat-sen. He had been in charge of foreign affairs under Mao Zedong and had taken a great role of restoring a diplomatic relation between Japan and China.

NO４　Foundation of interchange between Japan and China

In the background of today's friendly relationship between Japan and China in spite of 8 years' unfortunate war between both countries, there was a close friendship between Sun Yat -sen,the father of Chinese Revolution,and Miyasaki Toten,Japanese idealist. Miyazaki Toten is not always highly regarded because many Japanese men who had given a support to Sun Yat-sen had access to him with a intention of utilizing the revolutionary power for themselves.
But Miyazaki Toten was different from such a kind of men. He devoted himself to Chinese Revolution and continued to support Chinese Revolutuon led by Sun Yat-sen,and Sun Yat-sen called Miyazaki Toten a friend of all his life. In 1911,the revolutionary United League rose in the third revolt against Qing dynasty, and five thousand years of imperial rule in China finally came to an end and the Republic of Chaina was established the following year.
Sun Yat-sen was elected as the provisional president of the Republic of China.But his position was not strong and Yuan Shikai,one of north warlords, gained actual power,and Sun Yat-sen resigned the post together with the resegnation of the last Emperor.
At this time, some of Japanese politicians and associations shifted their support to Yuan Shikai's autocratic government from the republic government, tried to overthrow the republican form and hold a tie with Yuan Shikai. In 1914,Sun Yat-sen formed Chinese Revolutionary Party against Yuan Shikai who tried to strengthen the autocracy,and he established another government in Guangdong after the death of Yuan Shikai in 1916. At this time, Sun Yat-sen organized Chinese National Party and Chiang Kai-shek was posted as a commander.
Mao Zedong,the leader of Chinese Communist Party,and Zhou Enlai belonged to the left faction of National Paty based on "the Three Principles of the People". Therefore, both of the thoughts of Mao Zedong who established later the People's Republic of China and Chiang Kai-shek who was defeated by Communist Party and fled for Taiwan were originated from the thoughts of Sun Yat-sen.
The two parted from each other because Ching Kai-shek took pro-American policy and Mao Zedong pro-Soviet policy but their roots were the same:the thoght of Sun Yat-sen.
In this sense,the close friendship between San Yat-sen and Miyasaki Toten is a foundation of today's friendship between both countries.